Historian Jrmie Foa offers a very unique view of the 1572 massacres in his work entitled Tous ceux qui tombent: visages du massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy [All that fall: faces of the St. Bartholomew's day massacre]. Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) Protestant Resistance Theory: The Wake-Up Call for the French and their Neighbors, 1574 . Tools for reinforcing Lutheran doctrine Initially the coup d'tat of the duke of Anjou was a success, but Catherine de' Medici went out of her way to deprive him from any power in France: she sent him with the royal army to remain in front of La Rochelle and then had him elected King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The execution decision was therefore his own, and not Catherine de' Medici's. [1] A fellow Huguenot refugee, a banker from Lyon, commissioned the painting to commemorate the event. Jarnac; La Roche-l'Abeille; Poitiers; Orthez; Moncontour; Saint-Jean d'Angly; Arney-le-Duc, Fourth; 157273 On August 20, he left the capital and retired to Chantilly. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (French: Massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy) in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion. from Vassar College and did his graduate training at the Universitt Tubingen and Indiana University, where he specialized in the social and political history of nineteenth-century Europe. The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre by Franois Dubois. The two leading Huguenots, Henry of Navarre and his cousin the Prince of Cond (respectively aged 19 and 20), were spared as they pledged to convert to Catholicism; both would eventually renounce their conversions when they managed to escape Paris. 1st Edition ISBN: 9780547034997 Dahia Ibo Shabaka, Larry S. Krieger, Linda Black, Phillip C. Naylor, Roger B. Beck. After all, she was originally involved in a plan to kill only one person, not thousands. A 1966 serial in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who entitled The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve is set during the events leading up to the Paris massacre. [11], In the years preceding the massacre, Huguenot political rhetoric had for the first time taken a tone against not just the policies of a particular monarch of France, but monarchy in general. Revolutionary Violence in Elizabeth Inchbald's, Letters from Earth. He describes how the religious divide, which gave the Huguenots different patterns of dress, eating and pastimes, as well as the obvious differences of religion and (very often) class, had become a social schism or cleavage. [57] Protestant countries were horrified at the events, and only the concentrated efforts of Catherine's ambassadors, including a special mission by Gondi, prevented the collapse of her policy of remaining on good terms with them. [37] It has been claimed that the Huguenot community represented as much as 10% of the French population on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, declining to 78% by the end of the 16th century, and further after heavy persecution began once again during the reign of Louis XIV, culminating with the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.[38]. Visages du massacre de la Saint-Bethlemy", 2021, La Dcouverte, ISBN 2348057883, Holt (2005 ed. The film follows Catherine de' Medici (Josephine Crowell) plotting the massacre, coercing her son King Charles IX (Frank Bennett) to sanction it. German leagues at war vs. Charles V Following the failed assassination attack against the Admiral de Coligny (which Wanegffelen attributes to the Guise family and Spain), the Italian advisers of Catherine de' Medici undoubtedly recommended in the royal council the execution of about fifty Protestant leaders. The Venetian government refused to allow the work to be printed there, and it was eventually published in Rome in 1574, and in the same year quickly reprinted in Geneva in the original Italian and a French translation.[70]. That was interpreted by the Parisians as a sign of divine blessing and approval to these multiple murders,[22] and on the same day at night, a group led by Guise in person dragged Admiral Coligny from his bed, killed him, and threw his body out of a window. Impact California Social Studies World History, Culture, and Geography The Modern World He contacted the Parisian authorities and another ambitious young man, running out of authority and power, Duke Henri de Guise (whose uncle, the clear-sighted Charles, cardinal of Lorraine, was then detained in Rome). WorldCat is the worlds largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. The king's Swiss mercenaries were given the task of killing a list of leading Protestants. A particular point of tension was an open-air cross erected on the site of the house of Philippe de Gastines, a Huguenot who had been executed in 1569. Omissions? Richard Verstegan, Horrible Cruelties of the Huguenots in France, 1587 . Whitehead, Barbara (1994), "Revising the Revisionists," in: The subject of Butterfield's chapter, referenced below. He was shot from an upstairs window, and seriously wounded. Brad Pennington Western Civ Chapter 14: Giovanni Michiel from A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's All rights reserved. [9] In the massacres of August, the relatives of the Gastines family were among the first to be killed by the mob. 1) Funds must be available to cover the check value and the bank's processing fee 2) The Cardholder can dispute a. Fast Facts: St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre Event Name: St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre That evening, Catherine held a meeting at the Tuileries Palace with her Italian advisers, including Albert de Gondi, Comte de Retz. 3. 7879; Calvin's book was "Praelectiones in librum prophetiarum Danielis", Geneva and, Garrisson, pp. ), p. 91. The first round, Germany : Lutherans vs. Catholics The mob had torn down his house and erected a large wooden cross on a stone base. He noted that the extra violence inflicted on many of the corpses "was not random at all, but patterned after the rites of the Catholic culture that had given birth to it". 3. [citation needed] Elizabeth I of England's ambassador to France at that time, Sir Francis Walsingham, barely escaped with his life. Christopher Marlowe was one of many Elizabethan writers who were enthusiastic proponents of these ideas. Over the centuries, the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre has aroused a great deal of controversy. It is difficult today to determine the exact chronology of events, or to know the precise moment the killing began. The Catholic Reformation Also, in his biography The World of Christopher Marlowe, David Riggs claims the incident remained with the playwright, and massacres are incorporated into the final acts of three of his early plays, 1 and 2 Tamburlaine and The Jew of Malta see above for Marlowe and Machiavellism. The following other wikis use this file: Usage on af.wikipedia.org Bartolomeusnag; Catharina de' Medici; Usage on ar.wikipedia.org Thus, some modern historians have stressed the critical and incendiary role that militant preachers played in shaping ordinary lay beliefs, both Catholic and Protestant. Requiring All the best people took a hand in it, the King and the Queen Mother included."[102]. Holt speculated this entailed "between two and three dozen noblemen" who were still in Paris. He stayed in Paris for three days and made eleven speeches. [62], Diplomatic correspondence was readier than published polemics to recognise the unplanned and chaotic nature of the events,[63] which also emerged from several accounts in memoirs published over the following years by witnesses to the events at court, including the famous Memoirs of Margaret of Valois, the only eye-witness account of the massacre from a member of the royal family. Copyright 2001-2023 OCLC. On August 26, the king and court established the official version of events by going to the Paris Parlement. 14445, who rejects the view that this "met le feu au poudres" (lit the powder) in Bordeaux. Garrison, pp. A rich, relevant collection of primary sources at an exceptional value Perspectives from the Past: Primary Sources in Western Civilizations features a diverse range of primary sources, offering a total of 251 classic and contemporary documents of varying length, as well as images. This was a massacre on Huguenots. The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . The future Pope Gregory served as a legate to Philip II of Spain, being sent by Pope Pius V to investigate the Cardinal of Toledo. The Elizabethan dramatist Christopher Marlowe knew the story well from the Huguenot literature translated into English, and probably from French refugees who had sought refuge in his native Canterbury. 1. [90], Holt, notable for re-emphasising the importance of religious issues, as opposed to political/dynastic power struggles or socio-economic tensions, in explaining the French Wars of Religion, also re-emphasised the role of religion in the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre. [82][pageneeded]. The St Bartholomew's Day Massacre is the setting for Tim Willocks' historical novel, The Twelve Children of Paris (Matthias Tannhauser Trilogy:2), published in 2013. 188, The Teaching of Jesus According to the Gospel of Matthew 197, Funerary Stele of Aurelius Secundus with his Wife and Child 209, Saint Augustine From The City of God and Confessions 210, The Creed and Canons of the Roman Church 216, Gregory of Tours From History of the Franks 226, Chapter 7 Rome's Three Heirs, 500-950 232, Mosaics of Justinian and Theodora, Church of San Vitale, Ravenna (c. 500) 234, The Iconoclastic Council of Constantinople (754) and the Second Council of Nicaea (787) 235, From The Quran, as Revealed to Muhammad 241, Ibn Fadlan An Arabic View of the Viking Rus' 248, Bede From A History of the English Church and People 253, From The Anglo-Saxon Translation of the Book of Genesis 257, Chapter 8 The Expansion of Europe, 950-1100 268, Fulcher of Chartres From Chronicle of the First Crusade 269, From The Anonymous of Mainz: A Hebrew Account of the First Crusade 286, An Ibn Al-Athir An Arabic Account of the First Crusade 292, Chapter 9 The Consolidation of Europe, 1100-1250 301, Guibert of Nogent On the Uprising of the Laon Commune and the Murder of Bishop Gaudry 309, Hildegard of Bingen Letter to the Clergy of Mainz 317, The Persecution of Jews and the Jewish Badge 321, The Magna Carta: The "Great Charter" of 1215 322, Chapter 10 The Medieval World, 1250-1350 337, Marco Polo Prologue to The Description of the World 338, Pope Boniface VIII Papal Bull Unam Sanctam 352, Dante Alighieri From The Divine Comedy 354, Giovanni Boccaccio From The Decameron 359, Chapter 11 Rebirth and Unrest, 1350-1453 364, Geoffrey Chaucer From The Canterbury Tales: "The Pardoner's Tale" 365, Christine De Pisan From The Book of the City of Ladies 383, Petrarch From Letters to Classical Authors 391, The Siege of Constantinople and the Sultan's Treaty with the Genoese 402, Chapter 12 Innovation and Exploration, 1453-1533 408, Vasco Da Gama Reactions to Indigenous Peoples, 1497-1498 410, Christopher Columbus Letter on His First Voyage 414, Baldesar Castiglione From The Book of the Courtier 422, Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola From "Oration on the Dignity of Man" 428, Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam From Ten Colloquies 434, Chapter 13 The Age of Dissent and Division, 1500-1564 444, Martin Luther From The Large Catechism, 1530 445, Martin Luther From On the Jews and Their Lies 450, John Calvin From Draft of Ecclesiastical Ordinances, September and October 1541 456, John Calvin From Letter to a French Seigneur, 1548 460, Saint Ignatius of Loyola From The Spiritual Exercises 463, The Miracle of St. Ignatius of Loyola (c. 1620) 465, Saint Francis Xavier Reflections on Native Peoples as Contained in Francis's "Letter from India" 466, Woodcut of Argula Von Grumbach Before the Doctors of Theology 475, Chapter 14 Europe in the Atlantic World, 1550-1660 481, Giovanni Michiel From A Venetian Ambassadors Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 484, Reginald Scot From Discoverie of Witchcraft 486, The Plundering and Burning of a Village, A Hanging, and Peasants Avenge Themselves (1633) 494, Michel Eyquem de Montaigne From "Of Cannibals" 499, The "Armada Portrait" of Queen Elizabeth (c. 1588) 504, Elizabeth I Speech to the Troops at Tilbury 505, Chapter 15 European Monarchies and Absolutism, 1660-1725 509, Thomas Mun From England's Treasure by Forraign Trade, or, The Ballance of our Forraign Trade is The Rule of our Treasure 517, Louis XIV Revocation of the Edict of Nantes 521, John Locke From Two Treatises of Government 533, Palace and Gardens of Versailles (1668) 535, Adam Smith From The Wealth of Nations 544, Catherine the Great From Proposals for a New Code of Law 552, Chapter 16 The New Science of the Seventeenth Century 555, Nicolaus Copernicus From Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs 556, Galileo Galilei From The Starry Messenger and The Assayer 562, On the Circulation of the Blood (1628) 563, Margaret Cavendish From Observations upon Experimental Philosophy. Cavalli, the Venetian Ambassador, maintained in his report that the king held out for an hour and a half, finally yielding because of Catherine's threat to leave France and the fear that his brother, the Duke of Anjou, might be named captain-general of the Catholics. Were sorry, but WorldCat does not work without JavaScript enabled. -It caused the Huguenots to flee France The news of the massacre was welcomed by Philip II of Spain, and Pope Gregory XIII had a medal struck to celebrate the event. The Massacre of St. Bartholomews Day had for its background the political and religious rivalries of the court of France. According to Denis Crouzet, Charles IX feared a Protestant uprising, and chose to strangle it at birth to protect his power. Anonymous, A German Print of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre . Protestant Resistance Theory: The Wake-Up Call for the French and their Neighbors, 1574 . Henry VIII and the Act of Supremacy (1529-34) From the Venetian ambassador Giovanni Michiel's harsh report, people might imagine the relationship of religion to politics and political motivations which lead to this savage action. This day led to the three Henry's war. D. Priests in the countryside The book begins with an introduction that explores the political and religious context for the massacre and traces the course of the massacre and its aftermath. Cavalli, the Venetian Ambassador, maintained in his report that the king held out for an hour and a half, finally yielding because of Catherine's threat to leave France and the fear that his brother, the Duke of Anjou, might be named captain-general of the Catholics. But kill them all! 1 Two . Some cities unaffected by the violence nevertheless witnessed a sharp decline in their Huguenot population. Report to the Venetian senate on the wounding of the admiral / Giovanni Michiel (1572) -- 17. We are happy to offer free Achieve access in addition to the physical sample you have selected. Oil on panel, 94 154 cm; Cantonal Museum of Lausanne. History 104 / January 16, 2013 Admiral de Coligny was the most respected Huguenot leader and enjoyed a close relationship with the king, although he was distrusted by the king's mother. The bodies of the dead were collected in carts and thrown into the Seine. Huguenots in Rouen, Lyon, Bourges, Orlans, and Bordeaux were among the victims. The Parisian St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre resulted from this conjunction of interests, and this offers a much better explanation as to why the men of the Duke of Anjou acted in the name of the Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, consistent with the thinking of the time, rather than in the name of the King. The journal begins with, Colignys saying that became the chief reason why Queen Mother Catherine de Medici, rushed to prepare a massacre plan for him and thousands of other French Protestants. It took all the queen mother's skill to convince the Cardinal de Bourbon (paternal uncle of the Protestant groom, but himself a Catholic clergyman) to marry the couple. 2. Both the Pope and King Philip II of Spain strongly condemned Catherine's Huguenot policy as well. Bloodshed continued in Paris even after a royal order of August 25 to stop the killing, and it spread to the provinces. I. Recovery of cost from Governmentwide Commercial, "in step 12 of the governmentwide commercial purchase card program process, what are three situations in which the acceptor must ensure written independent receipt and acceptance?" Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Incidental characters include Henri of Navarre, Marguerite de Valois (Constance Talmadge), Admiral Coligny (Joseph Henabery), and the Duke of Anjou, who is portrayed as homosexual. A. The start of the massacre can be traced to familial, and religious, origins. In the Jew of Malta (158990) "Machievel" in person speaks the Prologue, claiming to not be dead, but to have possessed the soul of the Duke of Guise, "And, now the Guise is dead, is come from France/ To view this land, and frolic with his friends" (Prologue, lines 34)[74] His last play, The Massacre at Paris (1593) takes the massacre, and the following years, as its subject, with Guise and Catherine both depicted as Machiavellian plotters, bent on evil from the start. King Charles IX ordered the killing of a group of Huguenot leaders, including Coligny, and the slaughter spread throughout Paris. He is the author of, Perspectives from the Past: Primary Sources in Western Civilizations / Edition 7, Learn how to enable JavaScript on your browser. Massacre of St. Bartholomews Day, massacre of French Huguenots (Protestants) in Paris on August 24/25, 1572, plotted by Catherine de Medici and carried out by Roman Catholic nobles and other citizens. 30. Modern writers put the number at 3,000 in Paris alone. [8] The rise in food prices and the luxury displayed on the occasion of the royal wedding increased tensions among the common people. [36], In the cities affected, the loss to the Huguenot communities after the massacres was numerically far larger than those actually killed; in the following weeks there were mass conversions to Catholicism, apparently in response to the threatening atmosphere for Huguenots in these cities. This serial is missing from the BBC archives and survives only in audio form. [49], The French 18th-century historian Louis-Pierre Anquetil, in his Esprit de la Ligue of 1767, was among the first to begin impartial historical investigation, emphasizing the lack of premeditation (before the attempt on Coligny) in the massacre and that Catholic mob violence had a history of uncontrollable escalation. After St. Bartholomew's the Huguenots, though bereft of their leaders, rushed to arms. In the Holy Innocents' Cemetery, on Sunday, 24, at noon, a hawthorn bush, that had withered for months, began to green again near an image of the Virgin. To which is added, the Description of a New Blazing World 567, Ren Descartes From Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy 575, Isaac Newton From Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy 579, Illustration from Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium (1705) 581, John Locke From An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 583, A rich, relevant collection of primary sources at an exceptional value, James Brophy is the Francis H. Squire Professor of History specializing in modern European history at the University of Delaware. Henry of Guise then planned an attack on all protestants. This was the fourth civil war, and centred about a few fortified towns, such as La Rochelle, Montauban, and Nmes. For the, Attempted assassination of Admiral de Coligny, Holt (2005), pp. Orlans, Meaux, Angers, La Charit, Saumur, Gaillac and Troyes. [10], The court itself was extremely divided. Nowhere was this system more fully and expertly articulated than by the Republic of Venice in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. [21] Other historians are reluctant to speculate on the composition or size of the group of leaders targeted at this point, beyond the few obvious heads. He wrote in part, "St. Bartholomew's was unquestionably the finest thing of the kind ever devised and accomplished in the world. Catherine had not obtained Pope Gregory XIII's permission to celebrate this irregular marriage; consequently, the French prelates hesitated over which attitude to adopt. The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . AUGUST 24, 1572-ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S DAY by the Catholic calendar-is an . Don't leave a single one alive to reproach me! The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre ( French: Massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy) in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion. "[91], However Raymond Mentzer points out that Protestants "could be as bloodthirsty as Catholics. From The Religious Peace of Augsburg, Reform in the Catholic World . The attempt on Admiral Colignys life four days later failed; he was only wounded. 81, Hippocrates From On Airs, Waters, and Places 93, Herodotus From The Histories: The Second Persian Invasion of Greece 100, Thucydides From The Peloponnesian Wars 106, Vase Depicting a Slave, Perhaps in a Scene from a Greek Play (c. 450 B.C.E.) Related Documents (Brophy reader) Please check back later for updated availability. By focusing on describing the political and religious context for the massacre at the, beginning, the author demonstrates the severity of the event. 72- . "Holding a lit de justice, Charles declared that he had ordered the massacre in order to thwart a Huguenot plot against the royal family. Ken Follett's 2017 historical fiction novel A Column of Fire uses this event. The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . Read and study old-school with our bound texts. [14], Tensions were further raised when in May 1572 the news reached Paris that a French Huguenot army under Louis of Nassau had crossed from France to the Netherlandish province of Hainaut and captured the Catholic strongholds of Mons and Valenciennes (now in Belgium and France, respectively). While the Queen Mother was eating dinner, Protestants burst in to demand justice, some talking in menacing terms. 33. Another historian Mack P. Holt, Professor at George Mason University, agrees that Vigor, "the best known preacher in Paris", preached sermons that were full of references to the evils that would befall the capital should the Protestants seize control. The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre and the events surrounding it were incorporated into D.W. Griffith's film Intolerance (1916). Chains were used to block streets so that Protestants could not escape from their houses. Family feuds and confessional choices It was in this context that the massacre came to be seen as a product of Machiavellianism, a view greatly influenced by the Huguenot Innocent Gentillet, who published his Discours contre Machievel in 1576, which was printed in ten editions in three languages over the next four years. The impending marriage led to the gathering of a large number of well-born Protestants in Paris but Paris was a violently anti-Huguenot city, and Parisians, who tended to be extreme Catholics, found their presence unacceptable. Catherine de Medici, the mother of Charles, feared Admiral Colignys growing influence over her son. motivations which lead to this savage action. Cavalli, the Venetian Ambassador, maintained in his report that the king held out for an hour and a half, finally yielding because of Catherine's threat to leave France and the fear that his brother, the Duke of Anjou, might be named captain-general of the Catholics. Many Protestants were nobles or bourgeois and Frieda adds that "a number of bourgeois Catholic Parisians had suffered the same fate as the Protestants; many financial debts were wiped clean with the death of creditors and moneylenders that night". Please enable JavaScript on your browser. The Swiss mercenaries expelled the Protestant nobles from the Louvre castle and then slaughtered them in the streets. Giovanni Michiel, from A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre Corrections? [99], Joseph Chnier's play Charles IX was a huge success during the French Revolution, drawing strongly anti-monarchical and anti-religious lessons from the massacre. 9395 for a different emphasis. [49], The Politiques, those Catholics who placed national unity above sectarian interests, were horrified, but many Catholics inside and outside France initially regarded the massacres as deliverance from an imminent Huguenot coup d'etat.
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